IMPACT OF BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUES ON HEAVY METAL DYNAMICS IN EXTREMELY HIGH-MOUNTAINOUS CONDITIONS
Keywords:
aerobic bacteria, phytotoxicity, adaptation, soil biological activity, toxic compounds.Abstract
In high mountain places, soil pollution has long-term effects, since natural self-purification is time-consuming because of the low temperatures. It is widely known that the process of petroleum product degradation in natural conditions has a biogeochemical nature, with a pivotal role played by the activity of a complex of specific microorganisms that facilitate complete pollutant mineralization. Due to this fact, the most effective environmental clean-up methods for oil pollution involve microbiological approaches, which essentially entail introducing active strains of hydrocarbon-degrading organisms into the ecosystem. The article aims to investigate the effectiveness of bioremediation methods for soil contaminated with petroleum products, focusing on heavy metals in particular. This paper examined changes in heavy metals in soil that had been contaminated by oil derivatives, both before and after treatment. The Kumtor's, is 4000 meters above sea level, and soils were examined for their As, Pb, Cu, Cr, and Ni levels. In addition, contaminated soil was treated in the warm season by bioaugmentation. A comparative analysis of heavy metal content in high-altitude soils has been conducted before and after bioremediation processes. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in their applicability in the development of effective techniques for cleaning soil from heavy metals, particularly in mountainous terrain.
References
R. Souza, G. Maziviero, C. Christofoletti, T. Pinheiro, and C. Fontanetti, “Soil Contamination with Heavy Metals and Petroleum Derivates: Impact on Edaphic Fauna and Remediation Strategies,” 2013, pp. 175–203. doi: 10.5772/52868.
S. Zahermand, M. Vafaeian, and M. H. Bazyar, “Analysis of the physical and chemical proper-ties of soil contaminated with oil (Petroleum) hydrocarbons,” Earth Sci. Res. J., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 161–166, 2020, doi: 10.15446/esrj.v24n2.76217.
S. Nortcliff, “Standardisation of soil quality attributes,” Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., vol. 88, pp. 161–168, Feb. 2002, doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00253-5.
C. Li et al., “A Review on Heavy Metals Contamination in Soil: Effects, Sources, and Reme-diation Techniques,” Soil Sediment Contam., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 380–394, 2019, doi: 10.1080/15320383.2019.1592108.
Z. He, Shentu, X. Yang, Baligar, T. Zhang, and & Stoffella, “Heavy Metal Contamination of Soils: Sources, Indicators, and Assessment,” J. Environ. Indic., vol. 9, no. Table 2, pp. 17–18, 2015.
B. J. Alloway, “Sources of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils BT - Heavy Metals in Soils: Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils and their Bioavailability,” B. J. Alloway, Ed., Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013, pp. 11–50. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4470-7_2.
F. M. Adebiyi and D. A. Ayeni, “Chemical speciation, bioavailability and risk assessment of potentially toxic metals in soils around petroleum product marketing company as environmen-tal degradation indicators,” Pet. Res., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 286–296, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ptlrs.2021.08.006.
G. P. Singh Sidhu, “Heavy Metal Toxicity in Soils: Sources, Remediation Technologies and Challenges,” Adv. Plants Agric. Res., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 445–446, 2016, doi: 10.15406/apar.2016.05.00166.
M. Balali-Mood, K. Naseri, Z. Tahergorabi, M. R. Khazdair, and M. Sadeghi, “Toxic Mecha-nisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic,” Front. Pharmacol., vol. 12, no. April, pp. 1–19, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.643972.
[G. K. Kinuthia, V. Ngure, D. Beti, R. Lugalia, A. Wangila, and L. Kamau, “Levels of heavy metals in wastewater and soil samples from open drainage channels in Nairobi, Kenya: com-munity health implication,” Sci. Rep., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65359-5.
H. Zhao, Y. Wu, X. Lan, Y. Yang, X. Wu, and L. Du, “Comprehensive assessment of harmful heavy metals in contaminated soil in order to score pollution level,” Sci. Rep., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07602-9.
Y. G. Gu, Q. Lin, and Y. P. Gao, “Metals in exposed-lawn soils from 18 urban parks and its human health implications in southern China’s largest city, Guangzhou,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 115, pp. 122–129, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.031.
T. A. Kirpichtchikova, A. Manceau, L. Spadini, F. Panfili, M. A. Marcus, and T. Jacquet, “Speciation and solubility of heavy metals in contaminated soil using X-ray microfluorescence, EXAFS spectroscopy, chemical extraction, and thermodynamic modeling,” Geochim. Cosmo-chim. Acta, vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 2163–2190, 2006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.02.006.
H. Ali, E. Khan, and I. Ilahi, “Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Heavy Metals: Environmental Persistence, Toxicity, and Bioaccumulation,” J. Chem., vol. 2019, p. 6730305, 2019, doi: 10.1155/2019/6730305.
C. Streche, D. M. Cocârţă, I.-A. Istrate, and A. A. Badea, “Decontamination of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils Using The Electrochemical Technique: Remediation Degree and Energy Consumption,” Sci. Rep., vol. 8, no. 1, p. 3272, 2018, doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21606-4.
S. Chen and M. Zhong, “Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil,” H. Saldarriaga-Noreña, M. A. Murillo-Tovar, R. Farooq, R. Dongre, and S. Riaz, Eds., Rijeka: IntechOpen, 2019, p. Ch. 9. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.90289.
A. Truskewycz et al., “Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems-Fate and Microbial Responses.,” Molecules, vol. 24, no. 18, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.3390/molecules24183400.
D. M. Brown et al., “Comparison of landfarming amendments to improve bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in Niger Delta soils,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 596–597, pp. 284–292, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.072.
D. Hou et al., “Metal contamination and bioremediation of agricultural soils for food safety and sustainability,” Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 366–381, 2020, doi: 10.1038/s43017-020-0061-y.
N. Totubaeva, Z. Tokpaeva, A. A. Uulu, and K. Kojobaev, “Microbiological diversity and bio-technological potential of the soil ecosystem of a high-mountainous landfill,” Polish J. Envi-ron. Stud., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 4429–4435, 2019, doi: 10.15244/pjoes/99904.
X. Yuan, N. Xue, and Z. Han, “A meta-analysis of heavy metals pollution in farmland and ur-ban soils in China over the past 20 years,” J. Environ. Sci., vol. 101, pp. 217–226, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.08.013.
Z. Xu, W. Mi, N. Mi, X. Fan, Y. Zhou, and Y. Tian, “Comprehensive evaluation of soil quality in a desert steppe influenced by industrial activities in northern China,” Sci. Rep., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 17493, 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96948-7.
